grind 磨碎；碾碎；把…磨成粉；使锋利；磨快；磨光； 磨擦(发出刺耳声)

acb

grind
grind / graind /
verb
(ground, ground / graund / )
FOOD / FLOUR / COFFEE 食物；麪粉；咖啡
1. [VN] ~ sth (down / up) | ~ sth (to / into sth) to break or crush sth into very small pieces between ten hard surfaces or using a special machine
   磨碎；碾碎；把…磨成粉:
   to grind coffee / corn
   将咖啡/谷粒磨成粉
⇨ see also ground  adj. (4)
2. [VN] to produce sth such as flour by crushing
   磨(粉):
   The flour is ground using traditional methods.
   这麪粉是用传统方法磨制而成。
3. [VN] (NAmE) = mince  v. (1)
MAKE SHARP / SMOOTH 使锋利/光滑
4. [VN] to make sth sharp or smooth by rubbing it against a hard surface
   使锋利；磨快；磨光:
   a special stone for grinding knives
   磨刀用的石头
PRESS INTO SURFACE 挤压进表层
5. [VN] ~ sth into sth | ~ sth in to press or rub sth into a surface
   用力挤压,用力擦(入表层):
   He ground his cigarette into the ashtray.
   他把香烟按在烟灰缸里捻灭。
   The dirt on her hands was ground in.
   她手上的泥渍住了。
RUB TOGETHER 磨擦
6. to rub together, or to make hard objects rub together, often producing an unpleasant noise
   磨擦(发出刺耳声):
  ▪ [V]
   Parts of the machine were grinding together noisily.
   机器零件摩擦发出刺耳的声音。
  ▪ [VN]
   She  grinds her teeth when she is asleep.
   她睡觉时磨牙。
   He ground the gears on the car.
   他把汽车排挡踩得嘎嘎作响。
MACHINE 机器
7. [VN] to turn the handle of a machine that grinds sth
   摇动手柄(操纵机器):
   to grind a pepper mill
   摇动胡椒磨
IDIOMS
▪ bring sth to a grinding halt
   to make sth gradually go slower until it stops completely
   使渐渐停下来
▪ grind to a 'halt | come to a grinding 'halt
   to go slower gradually and then stop completely
   慢慢停下来:
   Production ground to a halt during the strike.
   罢工期间生产渐渐陷入瘫痪。
⇨ more at axe n.
PHRASAL VERBS
▪ ˌgrind sb ↔ 'down
   to treat sb in a cruel unpleasant way over a long period of time, so that they become very unhappy
   (长时间)虐待,欺压,折磨(某人):
   Don't let them grind you down.
   别让他们欺压你。
   Years of oppression had ground the people down.
   人民年复一年地遭受着压迫。
▪ ˌgrind 'on
   to continue for a long time, when this is unpleasant
   令人厌烦地继续下去:
   The argument ground on for almost ten years.
   这场争论拖拖拉拉持续了近两年。
▪ ˌgrind sth ↔ 'out
   to produce sth in large quantities, often sth that is not good or interesting
   大量生产(尤指粗制滥造)
SYN   churn out :
   She grinds out romantic novels at the rate of nine a year.
   她以一年五部的速度胡乱拼凑低劣的爱情小说。
noun
BORING ACTIVITY 乏味的活动
1. [sing.] (informal)  an activity that is tiring or boring and takes a lot of time
   令人疲劳(或厌倦)的工作；苦差事:
   the  daily grind of family life
   家庭生活中繁重的家务劳动
   It's a long grind to the top of that particular profession.
   爬到那种行业的最高位置要经过漫长的艰苦奋斗。
OF MACHINES 机器
2. [sing.] the unpleasant noise made by machines
   刺耳的摩擦声
SWOT 刻苦用功的人
3. [C] (US, informal) = swot  n.


grind
I. \ˈgrīnd\ verb
(ground \ˈgrau̇nd\ ; also archaic grinded ; ground also archaic grinded or ground·en \ˈgrau̇ndən\ ; grinding ; grinds)
Etymology: Middle English grinden, from Old English grindan; akin to Old High German grint scurf, Old Norse grandi sandbar, Gothic grindafrathjis fainthearted, Latin frendere to crush, gnash, grind, Greek chondros grain, Lithuanian grendu I rub, scrub, Old English grēot sand, grit — more at grit
transitive verb
1.
a. : to reduce to powder by friction (as in a mill) or with the teeth : crush into small fragments
b. : to produce by or as if by the action of millstones
2. : to wear down, polish, or sharpen by friction : make smooth, sharp, or pointed : whet
< spent the morning grinding axes and scythes >
3.
a. : to rub or press harshly
  < grind the snake's head under his heel >
b. : to rub together with a grating noise : grate, grit
  < grind the teeth >
4. : to oppress by severe exactions : harass
< grind the subject or defraud the prince — John Dryden >
5. : to operate or produce by turning a crank
< grind a hand organ >
< grind out a tune >
intransitive verb
1. : to perform the operation of grinding
2. : to become ground or pulverized by friction
< corn grinding slowly >
3. : to become polished or sharpened by friction
< glass grinds smooth >
< steel grinds to a sharp edge >
< pebbles grinding on the beach >
4. : to move with difficulty or friction : grate
< the gears ground as he shifted into high >
< frantically ground on the starter — Frank Schreider >
5. : to perform hard and distasteful service : drudge; especially : to study hard
< grind for an examination >
6. : to rotate the hips in a suggestive manner in or as if in a burlesque striptease
II. noun
(-s)
Etymology: Middle English, from grinden, v.
1.
a. : an act of grinding (as of reducing to powder or sharpening by friction)
b. : a sound of grinding
2.
a. : steady monotonous taxing labor, occupation, or routine
  < sometimes life seems just a dull grind without hope or future >
b. : intensive and drudging study; also : a task or an assignment given by an instructor
3. : a student who studies to the exclusion of all other activities often with more diligence than delight
4. : the result of grinding; especially : the size of particle obtained by grinding
< there are several different grinds of coffee >
< a fine grind of meal is better for bread >
5. : an action of rotating the hips with a suggestive motion (as in a dance or in a burlesque striptease) — compare bump II 5
Synonyms: see work
III. adjective
of a motion-picture theater or other show : exhibiting continuously or continuously between certain hours
IV. \ˈgrind\ noun
(-s)
Etymology: of Scandinavian origin; akin to Old Norse grind gate, lattice door; akin to Old English grindel bar, bolt, Old High German grintil bar, bolt, Latin grunda truss of a roof, Lithuanian grindis floorboard; basic meaning: beam
Scotland : a horizontal bar gate
V. noun
(plural grind)
Etymology: Faroese grindkval
: blackfish 2 — used chiefly in the Faroe islands
< the boats will be ready when the grind come in >

acb

grit
grit  / grit /
noun
[U]
1. very small pieces of stone or sand
   沙粒；沙砾；细沙:
   I had a piece of grit in my eye.
   我眼睛里进了一粒沙子。
   They were spreading grit and salt on the icy roads.
   他们在结冰的路上撒沙子和盐。
2. the courage and determination that makes it possible for sb to continue doing sth difficult or unpleasant
   勇气；毅力
verb
(-tt-) [VN]
    to spread grit , salt or sand on a road that is covered with ice
   (在结冰的路上)撒沙砾,撒盐,撒沙子
IDIOMS
▪ grit your 'teeth
1. to bite your teeth tightly together
   咬紧牙关:
   She gritted her teeth against the pain.
   她咬牙忍痛。
   'Stop it!' he said through gritted teeth.
   "住手！"他咬牙切齿地说。
2. to be determined to continue to do sth in a difficult or unpleasant situation
   下定决心；鼓起勇气:
   It started to rain harder, but we gritted our teeth and carried on.
   雨开始大起来,可我们鼓起勇气继续进行。